The liver performs many essential functions, including cleaning the blood, synthesizing proteins, producing hormones, and aiding digestion. Some manufactures of liver supplements claim that their products will detoxify and rejuvenate the liver.
Although the liver acts as the body’s primary detoxification and filtration system, supplement manufacturers like to suggest that the liver could use a detox of its own.
In this article, we take a look at the research behind liver supplements to figure out if these products work.
Do liver supplements work?
Liver supplement advertisements may claim that these products do the following:
- detoxify the liver and kidneys
- promote overall liver health
- optimize liver function
- protect liver cells from inflammation
- promote the production of bile
- increase metabolism and promote weight loss
- support respiratory and immune system function
Taking herbal and dietary supplements for any reason may do more harm than good. Available data suggest that herbal dietary supplements are responsible for 20% of liver injuriesTrusted Source in the United States.
According to a study involving the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), herbal dietary supplements may cause more severe liver injuriesTrusted Source than conventional medications.
Liver injury from these supplements can contributeTrusted Source to:
- reduced blood clotting
- abdominal swelling
- jaundice, or yellowing of skin and eyes
- encephalopathy or brain damage
People with drug-induced liver injury may require a liver transplant.
The researchers behind the DILIN study found that liver transplant and death occurred more frequently in people who took herbal dietary supplements than those taking pharmaceutical medication.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Trusted Source regulate supplements differently to medications and do not require the same rigorous testing for safety that medications have to undergo.
Manufacturers of supplementsTrusted Source can also begin selling or marketing supplements without approval from the FDA, unlike medicines.
Popular ingredients in liver supplements
Many liver supplements contain a combination of herbal ingredients, vitamins, and minerals.
Milk thistle
Milk thistle, also known as silymarin, is the most commonTrusted Source herbal supplement for liver problems in the U.S. Milk thistle extract contains approximately 50% silibininTrusted Source, which is the active ingredient in silymarin.
Silibinin acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicles that contribute to inflammation.
The researchers behind one 2013 studyTrusted Source found that 7 grams per day of Epaclin, a food supplement containing silymarin, vitamin E, and amino acids, significantly lowered the levels of enzymes that doctors associate with liver damage.
In a 2015 clinical trialTrusted Source, researchers found that 420 milligrams of silymarin taken daily for 4 weeks reduced the risk of drug-induced liver injury by 28% in people taking antituberculosis medications.
However, the findings of a Cochrane Review and a 2017 systematic reviewTrusted Source suggest that while silymarin supplementation may lead to minimal reductions in liver enzymes, these benefits are not clinically relevant.
The authors of the Cochrane Review note that the vast majority of the studies under review used weak methodologies.
Zinc
Zinc is an essential trace element that promotes cell division, DNA synthesis, and immune function. Chronic liver disease can lead to zinc deficiencyTrusted Source.
Another older 2012 study suggests that zinc supplementation may help protect the liver from oxidative stress due to hepatitis C viral infections.
More research is needed, however, to support the use of zinc in treating hepatitis C or other liver diseases.
Licorice root
Licorice root contains an active compound called glycyrrhizic acid, which may help reduceTrusted Source inflammation in the liver and regenerate damaged liver cells.
According to one 2016 study on ratsTrusted Source, researchers found that raw licorice root extract reversed the effects of alcohol-induced inflammation and fat accumulation in the liver of rats.
In a 2012 phase III clinical trialTrusted Source, 379 people with chronic hepatitis C received glycyrrhizin injections three or five times a week or five placebo injections.
According to the findings, a higher proportion of individuals in the glycyrrhizin groups showed significant reductions in symptoms in comparison to the control group.
However, the current evidence is too limited to support the use of licorice root for treating or preventing liver disease.
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digest and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)Trusted Source, high doses of licorice root consumed over a long period can lead to heart and muscle complications.
Signs of liver problems
The liver is a complex organ that performs a range of essential functions.
A healthy liver removes waste from the blood, metabolizes fat, and synthesizes hormones. A damaged, diseased, or malfunctioning liver can lead to dangerous, even life threatening consequences.
Hepatitis refers to self-limiting or chronic inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis most commonlyTrusted Source occurs as a result of a viral infection. However, alcohol use, exposure to toxins, certain medications, and fat deposits in the liver can also cause hepatitis.
According to the NIDDK, some people may develop symptoms of hepatitis C in 1–3 monthsTrusted Source and of hepatitis B in 2–5 monthsTrusted Source. People who have chronic hepatitis may show no symptoms for several yearsTrusted Source.
Signs of a malfunctioning liver include:
- fatigue
- weakness
- loss of appetite
- unintentional weight loss
- nausea and vomiting
- dark yellow urine
- gray stools
- discomfort in the upper right part of the abdomen
People who have advanced liver damage may experience:
- bleeding and bruising easily
- edema, which causes swelling in the lower legs, ankles, and feet
- fluid retention in the abdomen
- itchy skin
- jaundice or yellowing of the skin and eyes
- confusion or difficulty thinking
- memory loss
- personality or mood changes
How to maintain a healthy liver
There is not enough scientific evidence to fully support the use of supplements for treating or preventing liver disease. However, the following lifestyle choices can help keep the liver healthy:
Limit saturated fat intake
High levelsTrusted Source of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood can create fat deposits around the liver, which may lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and long-term liver damage.
Limit alcohol use
The liver produces toxic chemicals, such as acetaldehyde, when it metabolizes alcohol.
Healthcare experts define heavy alcohol useTrusted Source as eight or more drinks a week for females and 15 or more drinks a week for males. Heavy alcohol use can increaseTrusted Source a person’s risk for liver disease and other chronic conditions.
Consuming four to five drinks in 2 hours or lessTrusted Source can lead to steatosis, which is a condition in which fat droplets accumulate inside liver cells.
A person can reverse the effects of steatosis if they stop consuming alcohol. However, continuous binge drinking can lead to chronic steatosis and chronic liver disease.
The Dietary Guidelines for American 2015–2020Trusted Source recommend limiting alcohol consumption to no more than one drink per day for females and no more than two drinks per day from males.
Minimize exposure to toxins
The liver breaks down toxic substances in the blood.
Exposure to environmental toxins, such as cleaning products, pesticides, and tobacco smoke, can damage the liver as it filters these substances from the blood.
Avoid chronic drug use
The liver metabolizes medications and drugs in the blood.
Chronic use of illicit drugs, such as heroin and cocaine, can lead to liver inflammation and damage.
Prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications can also contribute to drug induced liver injury.
According to the FDATrusted Source, medications that can contribute to liver damage include:
- antibiotics, such as amoxicillin and erythromycin
- acetaminophen, which is an OTC pain and fever reducer
- cancer drugs, such as mercaptopurine, lapatinib, and pazopanib
- antianxiety and antidepressant medications, including duloxetine and nortriptyline
- immunosuppressants, including cyclosporine and methotrexate
When to see a doctor
People should see their doctor if they experience symptoms of liver disease or if they believe they may have had exposure to a hepatitis virus.
Most people remain asymptomatic in the early stages of liver disease. Doctors can detect early signs of liver damage during annual checkups and routine screening appointments.
Anyone who has a family history of liver disease or who exhibits one or more risk factors can speak with their doctor about lowering their risk for liver disease.
Summary
Current research suggests that milk thistle, zinc, and licorice root extract possess anti-inflammatory properties that may prevent liver damage from infections and exposures to toxins. However, all these substances also carry health risks.
However, doctors and researchers do not recognize liver supplements as effective due to the limited available evidence.
